Eugenio,77
mail@toyota-club.net
© Toyota-Club.Net Feb 2004 - Dec 2022
Part 1. Initially FF models with automatic transmissions
Part 2. Initially FR models with automatic transmissions
Part 3. Initially FF models with manual transmissions
2.1. Full-time all-wheel drive |
Full-time four-wheel drive with the ability to disconnect front wheels, asymmetrical center differential with a forced locking or Torsen LSD.
There is disconnected front-wheel drive system with ADD in this scheme, but the transfer obtain asymmetrical differential (torque distribution between front and rear wheels - 40:60). So, 4WD can be used permamently in all conditions, and front drive may be disconnected for the fuel economy only.
H2↔H4 - speed below 80 km/h with accelerator released, not engage during slipping.
H4H→H4L - at speed below 100 km/h, not engage during slipping.
H4L↔L4L - when the vehicle is stationary and at "N" range of transmission.
H2↔H4 - at speed below 100 km/h (if temperature below -15°C - 70 km/h).
H4↔L4 - when the vehicle is stationary and at "N" range of transmission.
Center differential lock - at speed below 100 km/h
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
4Runner 185 | 1998-2002 | A340F | center - mechanical, rear - mechanical (opt.) |
4Runner 215 | 2002-2009 | A340F,A750F | center - mechanical, rear - mechanical (opt.) |
HiLux Surf 185 | 1995-2002 | A340F | center - mechanical, rear - LSD (opt.) |
HiLux Surf 215 | 2002-2009 | A343F,A750F | center - mechanical, rear - LSD (opt.) |
Sequoia 45 | 2000-2007 | A340F,A750F | center - mechanical (-2004) / Torsen + mechanical (2004-) |
Sequoia 65 | 2007-2022 | A750F,A760F,AB60F | center - Torsen + mechanical |
2.1.2. Full-Time Visc type
|
Full-time four wheel drive, with a symmetrical center differential, locking by viscous coupling
The basic scheme for vans with the center differential, partially locking by viscous coupling.
"+" Full-time four-wheel drive, no necessary to control.
"-" Low efficiency of viscous coupling, no low range in transfer.
Detailed description - "Toyota all-wheel drive. Fulltime-Visc"
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
HiAce KZH10#..12# | 1993-1995 | A340F+TF1BV | center - viscous coupling, rear - LSD (opt.) |
HiAce/RegiusAce 100 | 1995-2004 | A45DF,A340F+TF1BV | center - viscous coupling, rear - LSD (opt.) |
HiAce/RegiusAce 200 | 2004-.. | A340F,A343F+TF1BV | center - viscous coupling, rear - LSD (opt.) |
Regius/Touring HiAce 40 | 1997-2004 | A43DF,A45DF,A343F+ TF1BV | center - viscous coupling, rear - LSD (opt.) |
Granvia/Grand HiAce 10..20 | 1995-2004 | A343F+ TF1BV | center - viscous coupling, rear - LSD (opt.) |
Estima 20 | 1990-1999 | A46DF,A340F+ TF1AV | center - viscous coupling |
Estima Emina/Lucida 20 | 1992-1999 | A43DF,A45DF,A46DF+ TF1AV | center - viscous coupling |
LiteAce/TownAce 85 | 1999-2007 | A44DF+ TF1BV | center - viscous coupling |
LiteAce/TownAce Noah 50 | 1996-2007 | A44DF,A45DF+ TF1BV | center - viscous coupling |
Dyna Y2## | 2001-.. | A442F,A443F,A340F,AC60F | center - viscous coupling |
2.1.3. Full-Time H (i-Four) type
|
Full-time four wheel drive, with asymmetrical center differential, locking by hydromechanical clutch
Toyota top-model's have an advanced scheme of 4WD, similar to principle of the STD I for initially-FF cars. Full-time all-wheel drive with a center differential (torque distribution between front and rear wheels - 30:70), locking by electronically controlled hydromechanical clutch.
Description - see review "Toyota AWD. i-Four".
"+" Full-time all-wheel drive, no need to control by driver.
"-" No full locking, complicated design (system is linked to ABS/VSC)
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
Aristo 140 | 1992-1997 | A340H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Brevis 10 | 2001-2007 | A340H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Crown 140 | 1992-1995 | A340H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Crown 150 | 1995-1999 | A340H,A341H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Crown 170 | 1999-2004 | A340H,A341H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Crown 180 | 2003-2008 | A750H,A760H,A761H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Crown 200 | 2008-2013 | A760H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Crown GRS211 | 2013-2018 | A760H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Lexus IS 20 | 2005-2013 | A760H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Lexus IS GSE35 | 2013-.. | A760H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Lexus GS 190 | 2005-2011 | A760H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Lexus GS 10 | 2011-2020 | A760H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Lexus RC GSC15.16 | 2014-.. | A760H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Mark II 90 | 1993-1996 | A340H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Mark II 100 | 1996-2000 | A340H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch, rear - LSD (opt.) |
Mark II 110 | 2000-2004 | A340H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch, rear - LSD (opt.) |
Mark II Blit 110 | 2002-2007 | A340H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Mark X 120 | 2004-2009 | A750H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Mark X 130 | 2009-2019 | A760H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
Progres 10 | 1999-2007 | A340H + UF1AE | center - hydromechanical clutch |
2.1.4. Full-Time (Torsen)
|
Full-time four wheel drive, with an asymmetrical Torsen LSD type center differential
The development of the classic i-Four scheme stopped at the 6-speed automatic stage, while at more expensive and later models (including hybrids) used a simplified 4WD - with a mechanical Torsen-type differential (torque distribution between the front and rear axles - 40:60) and gear transmission in the transfer front drive section.
Detailed description - "Toyota AWD. Torsen".
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
Crown AWS211.215 | 2014-2018 | L210F + LF1A | center - LSD Torsen |
Crown AZSH21 | 2018-2022 | L210F + LF1A | center - LSD Torsen |
Lexus IS AVE35 | 2015-.. | L210F + LF1A | center - LSD Torsen |
Lexus LS USF45.46 | 2006-2017 | AA80F + LF1A | center - LSD Torsen |
Lexus LS UVF45.46 | 2006-2017 | L110F + LF1A | center - LSD Torsen |
Lexus LS GVF55 | 2017-.. | L310F + LF1A | center - LSD Torsen |
Lexus LS VXFA55 | 2017-.. | AGA0F + LF1A | center - LSD Torsen |
2.1.5. Full-Time TL (Dual Range Diff Lock) type
|
Full-time four wheel drive, with a asymmetrical center differential, locking by Torsen LSD with the possibility of full locking, low range
Modern mid- and full-size SUVs are obtained with full-time all-wheel drive, asymmetrical Torsen differential, full locking mechanism, chain drive to the front wheels, low range. Torque distribution between the front and rear wheels - 40:60 (nominal) and 28:72 to 58:42 (dynamic, depending on driving conditions).
Low-grade version have single lever (LC 120) or the controller, providing three modes - H4F, H4L, L4L. Other versions have splitted control for center differential and low range gear, thar allows to use L4F mode.
H4↔L4 - when the vehicle is stationary and at "N" range of transmission.
Center differential lock - at speed below 100 km/h
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
4Runner 285 | 2009-.. | 5AT A750F | center - LSD Torsen + mechanical, rear - mechanical (opt.) |
Fortuner 50 | 2005-2015 | 4/5AT A340F,A750F+VF4B | center - LSD Torsen + mechanical, rear - LSD/mechanical (opt.) |
Land Cruiser Prado 120 | 2002-2010 | 4/5AT A340F,A343F,A750F+VF4BM | center - LSD Torsen + mechanical, rear - LSD/mechanical (opt.) |
Land Cruiser Prado 150 | 2009-.. | 4/5/6AT A343F,A750F,AC60F+VF4BM | center - LSD Torsen + mechanical, rear - mechanical (opt.) |
Land Cruiser 200 | 2007-2021 | 5/6AT A750F,AB60F+JF2A | center - LSD Torsen + mechanical, rear - LSD/mechanical (opt.) |
Land Cruiser 300 | 2021-.. | 10AT AJA0F, 6AT AC60F + JF2A | center - LSD Torsen + mechanical, front - mech (opt.), rear - LSD/mech (opt.) |
Lexus GX 150 | 2009-.. | 5/6AT A750F,A760F+VF4BM | center - LSD Torsen + mechanical |
Lexus LX 200 | 2007-2021 | 6AT AB60F+JF2A | center - LSD Torsen + mechanical |
Lexus LX 300 | 2021-.. | 10AT AJA0F + JF2A | center - LSD Torsen + mechanical, front - mech (opt.), rear - LSD/mech (opt.) |
2.1.6. Full-Time (Daihatsu)
|
Full-time four wheel drive, with a symmetrical center differential and the possibility of full locking
This type appeared along with the re-branded Daihatsu models: symmetrical (50:50) bevel-gear center differential, full locking mechanism by vacuum servo, a chain drive to the front output shaft.
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
Rush J210E * | 2006-2016 | 4AT FR8 | center - mechanical, rear - LSD (opt.) |
Townace/Liteace S41# * | 2008-.. | 4AT FE8 | center - mechanical |
2.1.7. Full-Time HD (Dual Range Diff Lock)
|
Full-time four wheel drive, with a symmetrical center differential and the possibility of full locking, low range
The first full-time in Land Cruiser family. A typical features of the heavy-duty transfer - gear drive, low range gear performed via countershaft (instead of a planetary), bevel type center differential.
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
Land Cruiser 80 (high grade) | 1990-1998 | 4AT A343F + HF2A | CD - mech, FD - mech (opt), RD - LSD/mech (opt) |
Land Cruiser 100 | 1998-2007 | 4AT A442F, 5AT A750F + HF2A | CD - mech, FD - mech (opt), RD - LSD/mech (opt) |
2.1.8. Full-Time HD (Dual Range Diff Lock + Visc)
|
Full-time four wheel drive, with a symmetrical center differential and the possibility of full locking, low range
A rare variant of the previous type, used during the introduction of ABS.
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
Land Cruiser 80 (high grade) | 1990-1998 | 4AT A343F + HF2AV | CD - mech, FD - mech (opt), RD - LSD/mech (opt) |
Lexus LX450 | 1995-1998 | 4AT A343F + HF2AV | CD - mech, FD - mech (opt), RD - LSD/mech (opt) |
2.2. Part-time all-wheel drive
|
2.2.1. Part-Time - Hub type
|
Basic rear-wheel drive, no center differential, front wheels are mechanically connected
One of the simplest types of all-wheel drive - with forced connection of front axle. Transfer have a reduction gear (planetary) for heavy-duty conditions, that operates in 4WD mode.
Transfer is controlled by lever, front drive shafts are connected to wheels with mechanical freewheel hubs (manual switching).
At the second variant used electric hubs and actuators at transfer.
"+" Relative simplicity, reduction gear availability.
"-" 4WD mode can be used on slippery surfaces only (rain, ice, snow). Otherwise, noise increasing, fuel consumption increasing, steering control deteriorates, and most importantly - highly worn tires and the transmission components. Mechanical hubs are quite reliable, but not easy-to-use, electrical - not so reliable.
Shift order:
2WD→4WD - at speed below 80 km/h with accelerator released, not engage during slipping (only after a full stop).
4WD→2WD - - at any speed.
4WD-H→4WD-L - when the vehicle is stationary and at "N" range of transmission.
4WD-L→4WD-H - when the vehicle is stationary and at "N" range of transmission.
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
4Runner 185 | 1995-2000 | A340F | rear - mechanical (opt.) |
HiAce H10#..12# | 1989-1995 | A45DF,A340F | rear - LSD (opt.) |
LiteAce/TownAce 30 | 1992-1996 | A45DF | rear - LSD (opt.) |
Tacoma 160-170 | 1995-2000 | A340F | rear - mechanical (opt.) |
2.2.2. Part-Time - ADD type
|
Basic rear-wheel drive, no center differential, front wheels are mechanically connected
In order to make front axle connection easy and get away from electric hubs, ADD (Automatic Disconnecting Differential) was implemented, which disconnect one of front axle shafts by actuator. As a result, rotation from wheels is not transmitted to the front propeller shaft, but the front axle gears are permanently lubricated.
4WD control - electric (by '4WD' button on the transfer lever) or semi-mechanical (by lever, similar to PT-Hub). Modern models have controller instead of the lever.
Shift order:
2WD→4WD - at speed below 80 km/h with accelerator released, not engage during slipping.
4WD→2WD - at any speed.
4WD-H↔4WD-L - when the vehicle is stationary, N range of transmission.
In the mid-2010s, a new type of transfer case appeared (equipped with an electromagnetic synchronizer), in the 2020s introduced a new compact electromagnetic actuator of ADD, located in the differential case directly.
Shift order:
H2↔H4 - at speed below 100 km/h.
H4↔L4 - when the vehicle is stationary, N range of transmission.
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
4Runner 185 | 1995-2002 | A340F | rear - mechanical (opt.) |
FJ Cruiser | 2006-2018 | A750F | rear - mechanical (opt.) |
Fortuner 150 | 2015-.. | AC60F | rear - mechanical (opt.) |
Hilux 20 | 2004-2015 | A340F,A343F,A750F | rear - mechanical/LSD (opt.) |
Hilux 120 | 2015-.. | A750F,AC60F | rear - mechanical (opt.) |
HiLux Surf 130 | 1989-1995 | - | rear - LSD (opt.) |
HiLux Surf 185 | 1995-07.1998 | A340F | rear - LSD (opt.) |
HiLux N16#,17# | 1997-2004 | A343F | rear - LSD (opt.) |
Land Cruiser 90 (GX) | 1996-2002 | A343F | rear - LSD (opt.) |
Sequoia 80 | 2022-.. | AJA0F/L4A0F+WM1BM | rear - mechanical |
Tacoma 160-170 | 1995-2004 | A340F | rear - mechanical (opt.) |
Tacoma 200 | 2004-2015 | A340F,A750F | rear - mechanical/LSD (opt.) |
Tacoma 300 | 2015-.. | AC60F | rear - mechanical (opt.) |
Tundra 40 | 1999-2006 | A340F,A750F | rear - LSD (opt.) |
Tundra 50 | 2006-2021 | A750F,AB60F | - |
Tundra 70 | 2021-.. | AJA0F/L4A0F+WM1BM | rear - mechanical |
2.2.3. Part-Time ADD (kei-car)
|
Basic rear-wheel drive, no center differential, the front wheels are mechanically connected.
Formally, Daihatsu's light commercial models can be attributed to PT-ADD type. The transfer shift and the right front axle disconnecting are performed by vacuum actuators.
All-wheel drive control - by the only button on the instrument panel.
Option - rear differential mechanical locking.
Some details - "AWD of Hijet models"
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
Pixis Truck S211U * | 2011-2014 | 3AT PM3 | rear - mechanical (opt.) |
Pixis Truck S510U * | 2014-2021 | 4AT NC9 | rear - mechanical (opt.) |
Pixis Van S331M * | 2011-2021 | 4AT ND9/NP9 | |
Basic rear-wheel drive, no center differential, the front axle is mechanically connected, low range.
Oddly enough, the first Toyota full-size SUV with automatic transmsission was built later than their first light car. But the same scheme is still used.
A typical feature of the heavy-duty transfer - gear drive, low range gear performed via countershaft (instead of a planetary gear).
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
Land Cruiser 60 | 1984-1990 | AT | FD - mech (opt), RD - LSD/mech (opt) |
Land Cruiser 80 (low grade) | 1990-1998 | AT | FD - mech (opt), RD - LSD/mech (opt) |
Land Cruiser 70 | 1985- | AT | FD - mech (opt), RD - LSD/mech (opt) |
Land Cruiser 100 (low grade) | 1998-2007 | AT | FD - mech (opt), RD - LSD/mech (opt) |
Land Cruiser Prado 70 | 1990-1996 | AT | - |
2.3. On-demand all-wheel drive
|
2.3.1. Viscous type (kei-car)
|
Basic rear-wheel drive, no center differential, the front wheels are connected via viscous coupling.
The simplest type with a viscous coupling located inside the transfer case. Control functions and additional options are not provided.
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
Sparky S231E * | 2000-2003 | 4AT | |
2.3.2. MPT type (kei-car)
|
Basic rear-wheel drive, no center differential, the front wheels are connected via multi-plate hydromechanical coupling.
The new type appeared along with a CVT for rear-wheel drive platforms - the front wheels are connected via electronically controlled clutch.
All-wheel drive control - by the 3-position mode switch: 2WD (rear-wheel drive) / 4WD AUTO (automatic torque distribution) / 4WD LOCK (maximal clutch pressure).
Option - rear differential mechanical locking.
Model | Production | Transmission | Differential locking |
Pixis Truck S510U * | 2021-.. | CVT | rear - mechanical (opt.) |
Pixis Van S710M * | 2021-.. | CVT | |
* - Daihatsu models have been sold under Toyota brand
Abbreviations: TM - transmission (gearbox, CVT), TR - transfer, FD - front differential, RD - rear differential, CD - center differential, CDC - hydraulic clutch, VC - viscous coupling, EC - electromechanic coupling.
Toyota all-wheel drive. Review
·
ATC/DTC ·
V-Flex ·
DTV ·
i-Four ·
Torsen ·
E-Four ·
·
C.Diff Auto
A241H /
A540H ·
C.Diff Lock ·
C.Diff Visc ·
FT-Visc ·
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